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秦兵马俑新发现：明确陶俑制作程序 甬道曾被挖开过******
中新网西安1月12日电 (记者 阿琳娜)记者12日从陕西省文物局举办的新闻发布会获悉，秦兵马俑一号坑第三次发掘共清理陶俑220余件，初步厘清军阵的排列规律，明确了陶俑的制作程序，甬道迹象可为项羽破坏秦始皇陵园和兵马俑坑提供非常有力的佐证。
秦兵马俑陪葬坑是秦始皇帝陵园外围的一组大型陪葬坑，其中一号坑面积最大，平面呈长方形，按照排列密度估计，全部发掘后可出土陶俑、陶马6000余件。2009年至2022年，秦始皇帝陵博物院对一号坑进行第三次正式发掘，发掘面积约430平方米。
图为发掘区。 陕西省文物局供图此次发掘共清理陶俑220余件，陶马16匹；战车4乘、鼓2处、鼓槌1处、漆盾1处、笼箙3处；兵器柲多处、弓弩箭箙多处；发现车马器、兵器、生产工具等，共计近千余件(组)。
秦始皇帝陵博物院研究员申茂盛介绍，俑坑的木质结构是由地栿——立柱——枋木——棚木构成框架式结构，较其他陪葬坑由垫木——地板——立柱——厢板木——棚板木所构成的厢椁式显得技术原始，兵马俑陪葬坑应该是陵园中修建较早的一组陪葬坑。
通过考古发掘还取得了一些重要发现、新认识。在俑的等级与军阵方面，明确了特殊俑的职能，初步厘清了军阵的排列规律。在车属遗迹方面，清理出笼箙等遗迹，并判定其为车配置装纳杂物之器，并非马槽。在武器装备方面，认为俑坑内的长兵器主要为铍与戟；短兵器分辨出两种青铜剑有等级上的区别；远射兵器，解决了檠木的使用问题；防护设备清理出俑坑中第一面盾牌；指挥设备清理出鼓与鼓槌。
图为考古人员正在发掘区工作。 陕西省文物局供图此外，通过考古发掘，认为俑的双臂单独制作，待陶俑躯干完全制作好后进行二次覆细泥，细部雕饰包括铠甲已完成后才粘接双臂，搞清楚了陶俑的制作程序。彩绘保护与文物修复也有了新的突破，截至目前已修复陶俑约140余件。
申茂盛表示，此次考古发掘显示，甬道被人挖开过，推测有人利用甬道进入俑坑。能够利用甬道进入俑坑进行破坏的人，一定是参与了俑坑修建的人，联想投降项羽的秦兵，这些人在接受了项羽的指令来破坏的话，一定是轻车熟路，所以，甬道迹象可为项羽破坏秦始皇陵园和兵马俑坑提供一个非常有力的佐证。(完)
中新网评：处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事****** 中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称，将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对，企图将核污水“一倒了之”，把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。  资料图：日本福岛第一核电站。2011年，福岛核电站事故发生后，大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋，对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害，数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日，作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。 日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由，在2021年4月13日，正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多，日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。 日本政府辩称，这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全，甚至“可以喝”，这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。 事实上，经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质，核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收，长期来看，将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁，最终危害人类健康。 因此，核污水排海计划推出后，遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示，福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中，约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场，反对该计划。 日本政府认为，核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案，但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海，核污水会随着洋流流动，其影响势必会跨越国界，危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。 《韩国经济新闻》发文称，相关研究认为，福岛核污水如果排放入海，约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域，该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。 德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告，若日本将所有核污水排入海中，不到半年，整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁，包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。 日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国，有义务保护海洋环境。然而，在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上，日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。 国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估，但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论，并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下，日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设，这是极不负责任的行为。 太平洋不是日本的下水道，日本必须正视各方合理关切，在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后，制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远，若只顾眼前，执意将核污水排放入海，不仅其自身，周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单，其后果必将会危害数代人。  Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business By John Lee (ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year. Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business. The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster. On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year. The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public. In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run. Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public. The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution. The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community. The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses. According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan. As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment. However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact. Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad. The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies. If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence. 
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